He became vice-president of the chamber in the autumn of 1895 and, in spite of the bitter hostility of the Radicals, retained his position in 18. Although he was excluded from the Radical cabinet which followed, the revised scheme of death duties proposed by the new ministry was based upon his proposals of the previous year. In Alexandre Ribot's cabinet, PoincarР“В© became minister of public instruction. He was minister of education, fine arts and religion in the first cabinet (AprilР’В РІР‚вЂњ November 1893) of Charles Dupuy, and minister of finance in the second and third (May 1894Р’В РІР‚вЂњ January 1895). He made a great reputation in the Chamber as an economist, and sat on the budget commissions of 1890РІР‚вЂњ18. PoincarР“В© had served for over a year in the Department of Agriculture when in 1887 he was elected deputy for the Meuse dР“В©partement. At the age of 26, PoincarР“В© was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, making him the youngest deputy in the chamber. As a lawyer, he successfully defended Jules Verne in a libel suit presented against the famous author by the chemist, EugР“РЃne Turpin, inventor of the explosive melinite, who claimed that the 'mad scientist' character in Verne's book Facing the Flag was based on him. and was appointed SecrР“В©taire de la ConfР“В©rence du Barreau de Paris. He became at the age of 20 the youngest lawyer in France. He later wrote that 'In all my years at school I saw no other reason to live than the possibility of recovering our lost provinces.' Educated at the University of Paris, Raymond was called to the Paris Bar, and was for some time law editor of the Voltaire. Raymond was also the cousin of Henri PoincarР“В©, the famous mathematician. PoincarР“В© during his military service in the 1880sР”В«orn in Bar-le-Duc, Meuse, France, Raymond PoincarР“В© was the son of Nanine Marie Ficatier, who was deeply religious and Nicolas Antonin HР“В©lР“РЃne PoincarР“В©, a distinguished civil servant and meteorologist. He served a third term as Prime Minister in 1926РІР‚вЂњ1929. His government was defeated by the Cartel des Gauches at the elections of 1924. By this time PoincarР“В© was seen, especially in the English-speaking world, as an aggressive figure ( PoincarР“В©-la-Guerre) who had helped to cause the war in 1914 and who now favoured punitive anti-German policies. In 1923 he ordered the Occupation of the Ruhr to enforce payment of German reparations. In 1922 PoincarР“В© returned to power as Prime Minister. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, he advocated Allied occupation of the Rhineland for at least 30 years and French support for Rhenish separatism. From 1917, he exercised less influence as his political rival Georges Clemenceau had become Prime Minister. He was noted for his strongly anti-German attitudes, shifting the Franco-Russian Alliance from the defensive to the offensive, visiting Russia in 19 to strengthen Franco-Russian relations, and giving France's support for Russian military mobilization during the July Crisis of 1914. He purged the French government of all opponents and critics and single-handedly controlled French foreign policy from 1912 to the beginning of World War I. In 1902, he co-founded the Democratic Republican Alliance, the most important centre-right party under the Third Republic, becoming Prime Minister in 1912 and serving as President of the Republic from 1913 to 1920. Trained in law, PoincarР“В© was elected deputy in 1887 and served in the cabinets of Dupuy and Ribot. Raymond Nicolas Landry PoincarР“В© ( UK: / Р›в‚¬ p w Р“В¦РњС“ k Р™вЂР›С’r eР™Р„/, French: 20 August 1860 РІР‚вЂњ 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1913 to 1920, and three times as Prime Minister of France.

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